Native Habitat:
Moist forests, forest edges, and shaded slopes.
 
Bloom Time:
April – May
 
Growth Habit & Mature Size:
Evergreen shrub, 1–3 feet tall, with low, spreading growth and holly-like, glossy leaves. Produces clusters of yellow flowers in spring, followed by dark blue berries in summer.
 
Light & Soil Requirements:
Partial to full shade; thrives in moist, well-drained soils. Prefers humus-rich forest soils and tolerates seasonal wetness.
 
Willamette Valley Native Companion Plants:
Polystichum munitum, Tolmiea menziesii, Camassia leichtlinii, Achlys triphylla, Adiantum pedatum.
 
Urban Garden Function:
Provides evergreen groundcover, early-season flowers, and edible berries in shaded urban gardens, woodland-inspired landscapes, and naturalized plantings. Works well in layered native shrub borders and under trees.
 
Wildlife Supported:
Flowers attract native bees and other pollinators. Berries provide food for birds and small mammals. Dense foliage offers shelter and nesting habitat for insects and small wildlife.
 
Historical Use:
Berries and roots were used by Indigenous peoples for food, dye, and medicinal purposes; valued ornamentally for evergreen foliage and wildlife benefits in naturalized and woodland-style gardens.