Native Habitat:
Moist forests, streambanks, and wooded slopes throughout the Pacific Northwest, including the Willamette Valley. Prefers rich, well-drained soils with moderate moisture.
 
Bloom Time:
February – April
 
Growth Habit & Mature Size:
Deciduous shrub or small tree, 6–20 feet tall, with slender stems and bright green leaves that appear very early in spring. Produces drooping clusters of small, white to greenish flowers followed by small plum-like drupes that ripen to blue-black.
 
Light & Soil Requirements:
Full sun to partial shade; thrives in moist, well-drained soils but tolerates dry shade once established. Prefers sites with seasonal moisture and good drainage.
 
Willamette Valley Native Companion Plants:
Polystichum munitum, Symphoricarpos albus, Holodiscus discolor, Camassia leichtlinii, Corylus cornuta.
 
Urban Garden Function:
Brings early-season blooms and vibrant foliage to urban and habitat gardens, supporting early pollinators and offering structure in mixed native plantings. Ideal for hedgerows, woodland edges, and naturalized plantings where early spring color and wildlife support are desired.
 
Wildlife Supported:
Flowers provide one of the earliest nectar sources for native bees and flies. Fruits are eaten by birds and small mammals. Dense branches offer nesting habitat and shelter.
 
Historical Use:
Berries and bark were used by Indigenous peoples for medicinal and food purposes. Valued today for its ornamental spring display, wildlife value, and ecological importance in native plant gardens.